Heat and Wildfire Smoke Are Even More Harmful When Combined, a Study Says

Background: Global warming is intensifying both threats.

As humans warm the planet, both heat waves and wildfires are becoming more severe and longer-lasting in the American West. That also means they are more likely to overlap. Researchers have estimated that two-thirds of California’s land area experienced broiling heat and heavy wildfire smoke concurrently at some point during the state’s record fire year of 2020.

Both hazards are harmful to health on their own: Heat stress increases cardiac strain, and inhaling wildfire smoke can aggravate lung conditions. The new study, led by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, looked at the health effects when the two threats appeared in tandem.

On exceptionally hot and smoky days, staying indoors doesn’t always help, and certainly not for people who don’t have air-conditioners and air purifiers, said Tarik Benmarhnia, an environmental epidemiologist at Scripps and one of the study’s authors. “Air pollution doesn’t stay politely outside,” he said. “It gets inside, interacts with a lot of indoor air pollutants and can lead to a lot of issues.”

The Findings: Compounding harms, and unequal ones, too.

The researchers took state data on unscheduled hospitalizations between 2006 and 2019 and combined it with detailed readings of temperatures and wildfire smoke.

They found that combined exposure to the two hazards had a bigger effect on hospitalizations than the sum of the effects from each separately. In other words, the harm to health from concurrent heat and smoke was greater than the sum of its parts.

California’s agricultural heartland, the Central Valley, and its wooded far north experienced more of these hot and smoky days than other regions during the study period, the researchers found.

They also found that the size of the compounding effect from heat and smoke varied across communities with different demographics. Areas with weaker socioeconomic indicators and higher proportions of nonwhite residents had it worse.

What Might Be Next: Joint warnings for heat and smoke.

At the moment, heat advisories in California come from local offices of the National Weather Service, while hazardous air warnings are issued by local air-quality management districts.

The study’s findings suggest a joint heat-and-smoke warning would help keep more people safe, Dr. Benmarhnia said. To account for the extra danger on sweltering days, officials might also consider issuing air-quality alerts even when pollution hasn’t reached the level that would trigger a warning on cooler days, he said.

A spokeswoman for California’s Air Resources Board said the agency was preparing new educational resources this year to help residents protect themselves from concurrent heat and smoke.

“These types of joint events are just going to happen more and more,” Dr. Benmarhnia said.